![]() Smaller religious wars continued to be waged in Western Europe until the 1710s, including the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) in the British Isles, the Savoyard–Waldensian wars (1655–1690), and the Toggenburg War (1712) in the Western Alps. The Peace of Westphalia broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. The conflicts culminated in the Thirty Years' War, which devastated Germany and killed one third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I. Warfare intensified after the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation against the growth of Protestantism in 1545. The conflicts began with the minor Knights' Revolt (1522), followed by the larger German Peasants' War (1524–1525) in the Holy Roman Empire. The wars were largely ended by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which established a new political order that is now known as Westphalian sovereignty. ![]() By the end of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Catholic France had allied with the Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy. Other motives during the wars involved revolt, territorial ambitions and great power conflicts. Fought after the Protestant Reformation began in 1517, the wars disrupted the religious and political order in the Catholic countries of Europe, or Christendom. The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. What's more important, Russia seems to be involved in European conflicts non-stop, excluding the latter Soviet years when they were unable to do much except for Afghanistan.The Battle of White Mountain (1620) in Bohemia was one of the decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War that ultimately led to the reconversion of Bohemia back to Catholicism. In fact, what you see is that Russia is involved in many, many of the conflicts in Europe. The Russo-Georgian war was very much an European war, but decolonization wars were not. We could debate the frontiers of Europe and add colonial conflicts and international interventions, but I think this is not the point. In addition, many of the conflicts were part of the Cold War. In fact, Western Europe only has had some minor conflicts. The majority of these conflicts are on the periphery of Europe. The Czechoslovakia Invasion (300 deaths) pales in comparizon to the little known Baltic Resistance (35k deaths) to soviets, and also to the Spanish Maquis (6,5k deaths) is neglected often. Also worth mentioning the 2nd Chechen war (75k deaths). The Bosnian War was harsh (95k deaths), but much so the Greek Civil War (190k deaths). Color, according to nature of the conflict. Here is a timeline I recently made of conflicts after the WWII in Europe including Russian involvement. Kumanovo clashes (National Liberation Army vs.2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine.Albanian Rebellion of 1997 (Albania, 1997).East Prigorodny Conflict (Ingush militia vs.Georgian Civil War (Georgia, 1991–1993).2001 insurgency in the Republic of North Macedonia (National Liberation Army vs.Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (UÇPMB vs.Croatian War of Independence (Croatia vs.Turkish invasion of Cyprus (Cyprus vs. ![]() Invasion of Czechoslovakia (Soviet Union vs.Soviet invasion of Hungary (Soviet Union vs. ![]() Cyprus Emergency, (Greek Cypriots (EOKA) vs.Northern Ireland Conflict, (1960s–1998).According to this wikipedia article there have been twenty six wars in Europe during the period of Pax Europaea.
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